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<pre wrap="">$BF|;~!'(B4$B7n(B24$BF|!J?e!K(B10$B;~!A(B12$B;~(B
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$B%?%$%H%k!'!!(BTough hydrogels based on double network concept
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Hydrogels draw great$B!!(Battention as biomaterials due to their soft and wet nature in similar to
biotissues</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-GB">.</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"> Recent inventions of several tough hydrogels show
their high potential as structural biomaterials, such as cartilages.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Studies on the double network (DN) hydrogel, an
extraordinarily tough hydrogel consisting of interpenetrating brittle and
ductile networks, has clarified that the toughness is due to the internal
fracturing of the brittle network, which effectively dissipates energy and
prevents catastrophic crack propagation upon loading. The double-network
concept revealed a novel principle of the toughness, that is, the existence of
an easily fractured, brittle internal structure makes the material as a whole
mechanically tough[1]. Thus, the brittle network acts as a $B!F(Bsacrificial bond$B!G(B,
a term originally used to describe the toughening of bones [2]. This principle
naturally suggests a new strategy for designing high-strength materials:
incorporating, on purpose, a mechanically fragile structure to toughen the
material as a whole. Since the rupture of the brittle network causes permanent
damage, a DN gel softens and does not recover after experiencing large
deformation. To address this problem, several recent works have replaced the
covalent bonds with non-covalent bonds to allow the fractured bond to be
reformed [3, 4]. Studies along these lines have successfully produced tough
hydrogels with partial or full self-recovery after internal rupture. Reversible
bonds also bring about other functions of the materials, including
self-healing, shape memory, viscoelasticity, and damping. In this talk, we
present several novel tough hydrogels and their mechanical functions based on
the reversible sacrificial bonds. <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"
lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"
lang="EN-GB">References<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"> </font>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><font face="Times New
Roman, Times, serif"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">1)<span style="font:7.0pt
"Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-GB">Gong, J. P. Why
are double network hydrogels so tough? <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Soft Matter</i> 6, 2583
(2010).</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"$B#M#S(B
$BL@D+(B";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"
lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"> </font>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:18.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0gd;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><font face="Times New
Roman, Times, serif"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"><span
style="mso-list:Ignore">2)<span style="font:7.0pt
"Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-GB">Fantner, G. E.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">et al</i>. Sacrificial
bonds and hidden length dissipate energy as mineralized
fibrils separate during bone fracture. <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Nat. Mater.</i> 4,
612(2005).</span><span style="font-size:
11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"$B#M#S(B
$BL@D+(B";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"
lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"> </font>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;margin-left:18.0pt;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-para-margin-left:0gd;text-align:left;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-pagination:
widow-orphan;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1;background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none" align="left"><font face="Times New
Roman, Times, serif"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN"
lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3)<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-GB">Haque, M. A.,
Kurokawa, T., Kamita, G. & Gong, J. P. Lamellar bilayers
as reversible sacrificial bonds to toughen hydrogel:
hysteresis, self-recovery, fatigue resistance, and crack
blunting. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Macromolecules</i>
44, 8916(2011).</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"$B#M#S(B
$BL@D+(B";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"
lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"> </font>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;margin-left:18.0pt;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-para-margin-left:0gd;text-align:left;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-pagination:
widow-orphan;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1;background:white;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none" align="left"><font face="Times New
Roman, Times, serif"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN"
lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4)<span
style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-GB">Sun, J. Y.</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"$B#M#S(B
$BL@D+(B";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"
lang="EN-GB">,</span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span
lang="EN-US"><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/abs/nature11409.html#auth-2"><span
class="fn"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none" lang="EN">Zhao</span></span></a></span><span
class="comma"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN"
lang="EN">, X. H., </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/abs/nature11409.html#auth-3"><span
class="fn"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none" lang="EN">Illeperuma</span></span></a></span><span
class="comma"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN"
lang="EN">,</span></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1" lang="EN"> </span><span
class="comma"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN"
lang="EN">W. R. K.; </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/abs/nature11409.html#auth-4"><span
class="fn"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none" lang="EN">Chaudhuri</span></span></a></span><span
class="comma"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN"
lang="EN">,O., </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/abs/nature11409.html#auth-5"><span
class="fn"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none" lang="EN">Oh</span></span></a></span><span
class="comma"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN"
lang="EN">, K. H., </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/abs/nature11409.html#auth-6"><span
class="fn"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none" lang="EN">Mooney</span></span></a></span><span
class="comma"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN"
lang="EN">, D. J., </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/abs/nature11409.html#auth-7"><span
class="fn"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none" lang="EN">Vlassak</span></span></a></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">, J. J,
Suo, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v489/n7414/abs/nature11409.html#auth-8"><span
class="fn"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-ansi-language:EN;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none" lang="EN">Z. G.</span></span></a></span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN"> </span><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN" lang="EN-GB">Highly
stretchable and tough hydrogels. <i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Nature</i> 489,
133(2012).<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"> </font>
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